According to a broad-based study by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research published on Monday in Germany, unemployment, Poverty, and a lower level of education are linked to considerably lower life expectancy.

The institute based in the north-eastern city of Rostock found after evaluating 27 million data sets, mortality among males aged 30 to 59 in the lowest-earning 20 per cent was 150 per cent above that in the highest-earning 20 per cent.

Unemployment doubled the risk of death in this age group, while a low level of education raised it by around 30 per cent, the research team reported in the journal BMJ Open.

Income was a less important factor in female mortality rates, while education levels had a similar effect for men.

The group of men most disadvantaged in the formerly communist eastern states revealed most evidently how employment and income influence life expectancy.

In this region, 14 per cent were classified in the lowest income and education classification.

Lead author Pavel Grigoriev said, “This group reveals a risk of death more than eight times greater by comparison with the highest income and education class.”

The most disadvantaged class in the western states is smaller at 11 per cent and showed an increased risk of death of just above five times that of their better-off peers, by comparison.